- ケインズの『一般理論』を訳す９１
there is a similar difficulty even in defining supply price in the ordinary sense for an individual producer; and in the case of the aggregate supply price of output as a whole serious difficulties of duplication are involved, which have not always been faced. if the term is to be interpreted gross of user cost, they can only be overcome by making special assumptions relating to the integration of entrepreneurs in groups according as they produce consumption-goods or capital-goods which are obscure and complicated in themselves and do not correspond to the facts. if, however, aggregate supply price is defined as above net of user cost, the difficulties do not arise. the reader is advised, however, to await the fuller discussion in chapter 6 and its appendix.
- ケインズ『一般理論』を訳す８
this postulate is compatible with what may be called 'frictional' unemployment. for a realistic interpretation of it legitimately allows for various inexactnesses of adjustment which stand in the way of continuous full employment:
- ケインズの『一般理論』を訳す１４４
this set of definitions also has the advantage that we can equate the marginal proceeds (or income) to the marginal factor cost; and thus arrive at the same sort of propositions relating marginal proceeds thus defined to marginal factor costs as have been stated by those economists who, by ignoring user cost or assuming it to be zero, have equated supply price[3] to marginal factor cost.[4]
- ケインズ『一般理論』を訳す１３
this, to the best of my understanding, is the stance of professor pigou's theory of unemployment ― the only detailed account of the classical theory of employment which exists.[3]
- ケインズの『一般理論』を訳す１１３
thus in the case of each homogeneous commodity, for which or = r(nr) has a definite meaning, we can evaluate zr = r(nr) in the ordinary way; but we can then aggregate the nr's in a way in which we cannot aggregate the or's, since or is not a numerical quantity. moreover, if we can assume that, in a given environment, a given aggregate employment will be distributed in a unique way between different industries, so that nr is a function of n, further simplifications are possible.
- ケインズの『一般理論』を訳す８３
thus the analysis of the propensity to consume, the definition of the marginal efficiency of capital and the theory of the rate of interest are the three main gaps in our existing knowledge which it will be necessary to fill. when this has been accomplished, we shall find that the theory of prices falls into its proper place as a matter which is subsidiary to our general theory. we shall discover, however, that money plays an essential part in our theory of the rate of interest; and we shall attempt to disentangle the peculiar characteristics of money which distinguish it from other things.
- ケインズの『一般理論』を訳す１１９
these expectations, upon which business decisions depend, fall into two groups, certain individuals or firms being specialised in the business of framing the first type of expectation and others in the business of framing the second. the first type is concerned with the price which a manufacturer can expect to get for his finished output at the time when he commits himself to starting the process which will produce it; output being finished (from the point of view of the manufacturer) when it is ready to be used or to be sold to a second party. the second type is concerned with what the entrepreneur can hope to earn in the shape of future returns if he purchases (or, perhaps, manufactures) finished output as an addition to his capital equipment. we may call the former short-term expectation and the latter long-term expectation.
- ケインズ『一般理論』を訳す２７
though the struggle over money-wages between individuals and groups is often believed to determine the general level of real wages, it is, in fact, concerned with a different object.since there is imperfect mobility of labour, and wages do not tend to an exact equality of net advantage in different occupations, any individual or group of individuals, who consent to a reduction of money-wages relatively to others, will suffer a relative reduction in real wages, which is a sufficient justification for them to resist it.
- ケインズの『一般理論』を訳す１０５
the concepts of output as a whole and its price-level are not required in this context, since we have no need of an absolute measure of current aggregate output, such as would enable us to compare its amount with the amount which would result from the association of a different capital equipment with a different quantity of employment. when, for purposes of description or rough comparison, we wish to speak of an increase of output, we must rely on the general presumption that the amount of employment associated with a given capital equipment will be a satisfactory index of the amount of resultant output; ― the two being presumed to increase and decrease together, though not in a definite numerical proportion.
- ケインズの『一般理論』を訳す１３０
this leads us to the relevance of this discussion for our present purpose. it is evident from the above that the level of employment at any time depends, in a sense, not merely on the existing state of expectation but on the states of expectation which have existed over a certain past period. nevertheless past expectations, which have not yet worked themselves out, are embodied in the to-day's capital equipment with reference to which the entrepreneur has to make to-day's decisions, and only influence his decisions in so far as they are so embodied. it follows, therefore, that, in spite of the above, to-day's employment can be correctly described as being governed by to-day's expectations taken in conjunction with to-day's capital equipment.
- 誤訳発見
the logic of liberty: reflections and rejoinders/michael polanyi
- ケインズの『一般理論』を訳す８９
the celebrated optimism of traditional economic theory, which has led to economists being looked upon as candides, who, having left this world for the cultivation of their gardens, teach that all is for the best in the best of all possible worlds provided we will let well alone（現状のままにしておく）, is also to be traced, i think, to their having neglected to take account of the drag on prosperity which can be exercised by an insufficiency of effective demand.
- ケインズの『一般理論』を訳す７２
thus, given the propensity to consume and the rate of new investment, there will be only one level of employment consistent with equilibrium; since any other level will lead to inequality between the aggregate supply price of output as a whole and its aggregate demand price. this level cannot be greater than full employment, i.e. the real wage cannot be less than the marginal disutility of labour. but there is no reason in general for expecting it to be equal to full employment.
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- 去年のこの一冊
the return of the master
- ＜訂正版＞9月に読む本
toeicテスト新公式問題集〈vol.4〉/educational testing service
- ケインズ『一般理論』を訳す６
the classical theory of employment ― supposedly simple and obvious ― has been based. i think, on two fundamental postulates, though practically without discussion, namely:
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