- ケインズ『一般理論』を訳す４４
in j. s. mill's principles of political economy the doctrine is expressly set forth:
- ケインズ『一般理論』を訳す１３
it would follow from this that there are only four possible means of increasing employment:
- ケインズの『一般理論』を訳す１２４
in the case of long-term expectations, equipment which will not be replaced will continue to give employment until it is worn out; whilst when the change in long-term expectations is for the better, employment may be at a higher level at first, than it will be after there has been time to adjust the equipment to the new situation.
- ケインズの『一般理論』を訳す１４１
it is conceivable, of course, that g - a1 may exceed g' - b', so that user cost will be negative. for example, this may well be the case if we happen to choose our period in such a way that input has been increasing during the period but without there having been time for the increased output to reach the stage of being finished and sold. it will also be the case, whenever there is positive investment, if we imagine industry to be so much integrated that entrepreneurs make most of their equipment for themselves. since, however, user cost is only negative when the entrepreneur has been increasing his capital equipment by his own labour, we can, in an economy where capital equipment is largely manufactured by different firms from those which use it, normally think of user cost as being positive. moreover, it is difficult to conceive of a case where marginal user cost associated with an increase in a, i.e. du/da, will be other than positive.
- ケインズの『一般理論』を訳す１２３
in the case of short-term expectations this is because changes in expectation are not, as a rule, sufficiently violent or rapid, when they are for the worse, to cause the abandonment of work on all the productive processes which, in the light of the revised expectation, it was a mistake to have begun; whilst, when they are for the better, some time for preparation must needs elapse before employment can reach the level at which it would have stood if the state of expectation had been revised sooner.
- ケインズの『一般理論』を訳す１２５
if we suppose a state of expectation to continue for a sufficient length of time for the effect on employment to have worked itself out so completely that there is, broadly speaking, no piece of employment going on[,] which would not have taken place if the new state of expectation had always existed, the steady level of employment thus attained may be called the long-period employment[3] corresponding to that state of expectation. it follows that, although expectation may change so frequently that the actual level of employment has never had time to reach the long-period employment corresponding to the existing state of expectation, nevertheless every state of expectation has its definite corresponding level of long-period employment.
- ケインズの『一般理論』を訳す１２６
let us consider, first of all, the process of transition to a long-period position due to a change in expectation, which is not confused or interrupted by any further change in expectation. we will first suppose that the change is of such a character that the new long-period employment will be greater than the old. now, as a rule, it will only be the rate of input which will be much affected at the beginning, that is to say, the volume of work on the earlier stages of new processes of production, whilst the output of consumption-goods and the amount of employment on the later stages of processes which were started before the change will remain much the same as before. in so far as there were stocks of partly finished goods, this conclusion may be modified; though it is likely to remain true that the initial increase in employment will be modest.
- ケインズの『一般理論』を訳す８１
if in a potentially wealthy community the inducement to invest is weak, then, in spite of its potential wealth, the working of the principle of effective demand will compel it to reduce its actual output, until, in spite of its potential wealth, it has become so poor that its surplus over its consumption is sufficiently diminished to correspond to the weakness of the inducement to invest.
- ケインズの『一般理論』を訳す１３８
let us suppose that, in this event, he would have spent b' on its maintenance and improvement, and that, having had this spent on it, it would have been worth g' at the end of the period. that is to say, g' - b' is the maximum net value which might have been conserved from the previous period, if it had not been used to produce a. the excess of this potential value of the equipment over g - a1 is the measure of what has been sacrificed (one way or another) to produce a. let us call this quantity, namely
- ケインズ『一般理論』を訳す５０
in the first instance, these conclusions may have been applied to the kind of economy in which we actually live, by false analogy from some kind of non-exchange robinson crusoe economy, in which the income which individuals consume or retain as a result of their productive activity is, actually and exclusively, the output in specie（同種のもので） of that activity. but, apart from this, the conclusion that the costs of output are always covered in the aggregate by the sale-proceeds（売上収益） resulting from demand, has great plausibility, because it is difficult to distinguish it from another, similar-looking proposition which is indubitable, namely that income derived in the aggregate by all the elements in the community concerned in a productive activity necessarily has a value exactly equal to the value of the output.
- ケインズ『一般理論』を訳す７
ii. the utility of the wage when a given volume of labour（＝労働時間） is employed is equal to the marginal disutility of that amount of employment.
- ケインズの『一般理論』を訳す１４２
it may be convenient to mention here, in anticipation of the latter part of this chapter, that, for the community as a whole, the aggregate consumption (c) of the period is equal to (a - a1), and the aggregate investment (i) is equal to (a1 - u). moreover, u is the individual entrepreneur's disinvestment (and -u his investment) in respect of his own equipment exclusive of what he buys from other entrepreneurs. thus in a completely integrated system (where a1 = 0) consumption is equal to a and investment to -u, i.e. to g - (g' - b'). the slight complication of the above, through the introduction of a1, is simply due to the desirability of providing in a generalised way for the case of a non-integrated system of production.
- イギリス社会学史を読む
1985-現在 ポスト・フォーディズム期 個人主義的理論が隆盛 giddens, hall, urry
- ケインズ『一般理論』を訳す５３
it is, then, the assumption of equality between the demand price of output as a whole and its supply price, which is to be regarded as the classical theory's 'axiom of parallels'. granted this, all the rest follows ― the social advantages of private and national thrift, the traditional attitude towards the rate of interest, the classical theory of unemployment, the quantity theory of money, the unqualified advantages of laissez-faire in respect of foreign trade and much else which we shall have to question.
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