- ケインズの『一般理論』を訳す８７
that it could explain much social injustice and apparent cruelty as an inevitable incident in the scheme of progress, and the attempt to change such things as likely on the whole to do more harm than good, commended(推薦する) it to authority. that it afforded a measure of justification to the free activities of the individual capitalist, attracted to it the support of the dominant social force behind authority.
- ケインズの『一般理論』を訳す１２８
the same thing may occur even if the new long-period level is the same as the old, if the change represents a change in the direction of consumption which renders certain existing processes and their equipment obsolete. or again, if the new long-period employment is less than the old, the level of employment during the transition may fall for a time below what the new long-period level is going to be. thus a mere change in expectation is capable of producing an oscillation（変動） of the same kind of shape as a cyclical movement, in the course of working itself out. it was movements of this kind which i discussed in my treatise on money in connection with the building up or the depletion of stocks of working and liquid capital consequent on change.
- ケインズの『一般理論』を訳す１２０
thus the behaviour of each individual firm in deciding its daily[2] output will be determined by its short-term expectations ― expectations as to the cost of output on various possible scales and expectations as to the sale-proceeds of this output; though, in the case of additions to capital equipment and even of sales to distributors, these short-term expectations will largely depend on the long-term (or medium-term) expectations of other parties. it is upon these various expectations that the amount of employment which the firms offer will depend.
- ケインズ『一般理論』を訳す５１
similarly it is natural to suppose that the act of an individual, by which he enriches himself without apparently taking anything from anyone else, must also enrich the community as a whole; so that ( as in the passage just quoted from marshall) an act of individual saving inevitably leads to a parallel act of investment. for, once more, it is indubitable that the sum of the net increments of the wealth of individuals must be exactly equal to the aggregate net increment of the wealth of the community.
- ケインズ『一般理論』を訳す１５
this calls for two observations, the first of which relates to the actual attitude of workers towards real wages and money-wages respectively and is not theoretically fundamental, but the second of which is fundamental.
- ケインズの『一般理論』を訳す１３７
there are two possible principles for calculating it, each of which has a certain significance; ― one of them in connection with production, and the other in connection with consumption. let us consider them in turn.
- ケインズの『一般理論』を訳す１２１
the actually realised results of the production and sale of output will only be relevant to employment in so far as they cause a modification of subsequent expectations. nor, on the other hand, are the original expectations relevant, which led the firm to acquire the capital equipment and the stock of intermediate products and half-finished materials with which it finds itself at the time when it has to decide the next day's output. thus, on each and every occasion of such a decision, the decision will be made, with reference indeed to this equipment and stock, but in the light of the current expectations of prospective costs and sale-proceeds.
- ケインズ『一般理論』を訳す２４
they seem, however, to have been diverted from this line of thought, partly by the settled conviction that labour is in a position to determine its own real wage and partly, perhaps, by preoccupation with the idea that prices depend on the quantity of money. and the belief in the proposition that labour is always in a position to determine its own real wage, once adopted, has been maintained by its being confused with the proposition that labour is always in a position to determine what real wage shall correspond to full employment, i.e. the maximum quantity of employment which is compatible with a given real wage.
- ケインズの『一般理論』を訳す７３
the effective demand associated with full employment is a special case, only realised when the propensity to consume and the inducement to invest stand in a particular relationship to one another. this particular relationship, which corresponds to the assumptions of the classical theory, is in a sense an optimum relationship. but it can only exist when, by accident or design, current investment provides an amount of demand just equal to the excess of the aggregate supply price of the output resulting from full employment over what the community will choose to spend on consumption when it is fully employed.
- ケインズの『一般理論』を訳す７４
this theory can be summed up in the following propositions:
- ケインズの『一般理論』を訳す６３
thus the factor cost and the entrepreneur's profit make up, between them, what we shall define as the total income resulting from the employment given by the entrepreneur. the entrepreneur's profit thus defined is, as it should be, the quantity which he endeavours to maximise when he is deciding what amount of employment（＝労働量） to offer. it is sometimes convenient, when we are looking at it from the entrepreneur's standpoint, to call the aggregate income (i.e. factor cost plus profit) resulting from a given amount of employment the proceeds of that employment. on the other hand, the aggregate supply price[2] of the output of a given amount of employment is the expectation of proceeds which will just make it worth the while of the entrepreneurs to give that employment.[3]
- ケインズ『一般理論』を訳す３０
thus it is fortunate that the workers, though unconsciously, are instinctively more reasonable economists than the classical school, inasmuch as they resist reductions of money-wages, which are seldom or never of an all-round character（＝特定の産業に限定されている）, even though the existing real equivalent of these wages exceeds the marginal disutility of the existing employment; whereas they do not resist reductions of real wages, which are associated with increases in aggregate employment and leave relative money-wages unchanged, unless the reduction proceeds so far as to threaten a reduction of the real wage below the marginal disutility of the existing volume of employment.
- ケインズ『一般理論』を訳す２５
to sum up: there are two objections to the second postulate of the classical theory. the first relates to the actual behaviour of labour. a fall in real wages due to a rise in prices, with money-wages unaltered, does not, as a rule, cause the supply of available labour on offer at the current wage to fall below the amount actually employed prior to the rise of prices. to suppose that it does is to suppose that all those who are now unemployed though willing to work at the current wage will withdraw the offer of their labour in the event of even a small rise in the cost of living. yet this strange supposition apparently underlies professor pigou's theory of unemployment,[7] and it is what all members of the orthodox school are tacitly assuming.
- 売れ行き好調の人文洋書３点
the coldest winter: america and the korean war david halberstam hyperion pub. isbn 9780786888627 paperback us$17.95
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