ケインズ『一般理論』を訳す４５ as a corollary of the same doctrine, it has been supposed that any individual act of abstaining from consumption necessarily leads to, and amounts to the same thing as causing the labour and commodities thus released from supplying consumption to be invested in the production of capital wealth. the following passage from marshall's pure theory of domestic values[9] illustrates the traditional approach:
ケインズの『一般理論』を訳す８８ but although the doctrine itself has remained unquestioned by orthodox economists up to a late date, its signal failure for purposes of scientific prediction has greatly impaired, in the course of time, the prestige of its practitioners. for professional economists after malthus were apparently unmoved by the lack of correspondence between the results of their theory and the facts of observation;― a discrepancy which the ordinary man has not failed to observe, with the result of his growing unwillingness to accord to economists that measure of respect which he gives to other groups of scientists whose theoretical results are confirmed by observation when they are applied to the facts.
ケインズ『一般理論』を訳す２１ but there is a more fundamental objection. the second postulate flows from the idea that the real wages of labour depend on the wage bargains which labour makes with the entrepreneurs. it is admitted, of course, that the bargains are actually made in terms of money, and even that the real wages acceptable to labour are not altogether independent of what the corresponding money-wage happens to be. nevertheless it is the money-wage thus arrived at which is held to determine the real wage. thus the classical theory assumes that it is always open to labour to reduce its real wage by accepting a reduction in its money-wage. the postulate that there is a tendency for the real wage to come to equality with the marginal disutility of labour clearly presumes that labour itself is in a position to decide the real wage for which it works, though not the quantity of employment（雇用の量） forthcoming at this wage.
ケインズ『一般理論』を訳す２６ but the other, more fundamental, objection, which we shall develop in the ensuing chapters, flows from our disputing the assumption that the general level of real wages is directly determined by the character（人物） of the wage bargain. in assuming that the wage bargain determines the real wage the classical school have slipt（＜slip）in an illicit assumption. for there may be no method available to labour as a whole whereby it can bring the general level of money-wages into conformity with the marginal disutility of the current volume of employment. there may exist no expedient by which labour as a whole can reduce its real wage to a given figure by making revised money bargains with the entrepreneurs. this will be our contention. we shall endeavour to show that primarily it is certain other forces which determine the general level of real wages. the attempt to elucidate this problem will be one of our main themes. we shall argue that there has been a fundamental misunderstanding of how in this respect the economy in which we live actually works.
売れ行き好調の人文洋書３点 animal spirits: how human psychology drives the economy, and why it matters for global capitalism george a. akerlof robert j. shiller princeton university press isbn 978-0691145921 paperback us$16.95
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